How the progress maps are developed
Sources for shelter data include public websites, government-provided data, voluntary data submissions, and data platforms where organizations have opted-in to providing us their data. Organizations that operate multiple locations or shelters may choose to report their data in aggregate or broken down by location. Their information will be presented on the map as it is reported to us. While Best Friends attempts to validate data sources, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of these sources.
How save rates are calculated
For shelters, a gross save rate calculation is used:
[(Live Intakes) - (Lost in Care) - (Shelter Deaths*)] divided by [(Live Intakes)]
* Shelter Deaths = animals euthanized, killed, or died in care
At the state and national levels, a net save rate calculation is used:
[(Live Intakes) - (Transfers In) - (Lost in Care) - (Shelter Deaths*)] divided by [(Live Intakes - Transfers In)]
* Shelter Deaths = animals euthanized, killed, or died in care
The no-kill gap
The no-kill gap is the number of cats and dogs who would have had to be saved in 2022 to achieve the 90% save rate threshold. Best Friends applies the following calculation to determine that gap:
(Shelter Deaths* + Lost in Care) – (Live Intakes *10%)
* Shelter Deaths = animals euthanized, killed, or died in care
If the resulting number is 0 or less, then there is no longer a statistical no-kill gap because the shelter is either at or above the 90% threshold.
How the number of animals “killed” is calculated
Shelter outcome designations in which animals are not leaving the shelter alive include Shelter Deaths and Lost in Care.
In recognition of the no-kill benchmark of a 90% save rate, Best Friends applies the following calculation to determine the number of animals “killed” from those non-live outcomes:
Sum of each shelter’s non-live outcomes [(Shelter Deaths*) + (Lost in Care)] – 10% of total intake
* Shelter Deaths = animals euthanized, killed, or died in care
The resulting number of dogs and cats killed is the focus of Best Friends efforts to achieve the no-kill benchmark nationwide by 2025 and does not include the estimated 10% who are euthanized based on presumed humane decisions related to irremediable suffering from medical or behavioral conditions.
Methodology for community and shelter views
A “community” is represented as a U.S. county, which is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic region with specific boundaries.
A “shelter” is defined as a brick-and-mortar facility with open adoption hours for the public. In addition:
- For organizations without a government contract, they must take in more than 200 animals annually, be open to the public at least two days a week, and have a non-residential sheltering facility.
- For government animal services and organizations with a government contract, they must take in more than 20 animals annually and cannot transfer all their animals to another shelter.
The map represents the total number of inhabited U.S. counties that have their own shelter. Population data is obtained from the Claritas annual estimates based on Census and American Community Survey data (2023 projections).
A community is considered no-kill when every brick-and-mortar shelter located within the community has a save rate of 90% or higher. A community is recognized as no-kill when it meets the following criteria:
- Best Friends has access to data for all brick-and-mortar shelters located in or providing municipal shelter services to the community.
- All shelters, including municipal shelters, providing services to the community meet the 90% benchmark.
While the 90% benchmark offers a meaningful measurement by which to gauge the progress of shelters and communities, we recognize that there may be special circumstances in which a community could be successfully implementing no-kill principles and practices but not reach a 90% save rate.
In these rare cases, the shelters in a community that do not meet the statistical benchmark can obtain a no-kill designation in the pet lifesaving dashboard by displaying the following statement on their website and/or giving Best Friends permission to display the information on the shelter’s page of the pet lifesaving dashboard:
"Our shelter has committed to saving all savable pets entering our care. We do not euthanize healthy or treatable pets even at an owner’s request. We only euthanize a pet if:
- A veterinarian or trained medical staff under guidelines set by a veterinarian has deemed the prognosis to be poor or grave, there is no chance of recovering an acceptable quality of life, or
- It would be clearly inhumane or unsafe not to do so immediately, or
- In cases of irremediable canine aggression, (1) a veterinarian has eliminated medical treatment as a solution; (2) rehabilitation by a specialist in canine behavior has failed; and (3) staff and public safety cannot be reasonably assured, or other management protocols seriously compromise quality of life."
The goal is for every shelter to make a clear commitment to lifesaving and transparency (being honest and open about their data and operations) while striving for no-kill rather than simply working to obtain a no-kill designation.
Any shelter seeking an exception should contact the local regional Best Friends team:
- Pacific Region (Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii): pacific@bestfriends.org
- Mountain West Region (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico): mountainwest@bestfriends.org
- Great Plains Region (North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri): greatplains@bestfriends.org
- South Central Region (Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana): scregion@bestfriends.org
- Midwest Region (Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia): midwest@bestfriends.org
- Northeast Region (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania): northeast@bestfriends.org
- Mid-Atlantic Region (Maryland, D.C., Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee): midatlantic@bestfriends.org
- Southeast Region (Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida): seregion@bestfriends.org
Methodology for national and state views
Dataset: The map includes collected data from 3,361 brick-and-mortar shelters using the most recent full calendar year of data available from 2022, 2021, or 2020. An estimation methodology is used to account for the remaining 582 shelters in the country, which are typically smaller in size.
For 2022 national totals, Best Friends adjusted how we calculate the entirety of U.S. shelters to reduce the impact of data from early in the pandemic.
Collected Datadata:
| State | Rate of Collected Data (intake) | Rate of Shelters Reporting |
| Alabama | 92.5% | 72.0% |
| Alaska | 97.3% | 83.3% |
| Arizona | 100% | 86.7% |
| Arkansas | 95.5% | 83.9% |
| California | 91.6% | 83.9% |
| Colorado | 100.0% | 98.6% |
| Connecticut | 92.0% | 91.3% |
| Delaware | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| District of Columbia | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| Florida | 99.9% | 97.8% |
| Georgia | 99.9% | 97.3% |
| Hawaii | 100.0% | 77.8% |
| Idaho | 98.7% | 96.7% |
| Illinois | 98.9% | 96.8% |
| Indiana | 92.3% | 75.0% |
| Iowa | 93.4% | 68.8% |
| Kansas | 98.0% | 83.1% |
| Kentucky | 90.5% | 75.7% |
| Louisiana | 97.5% | 85.7% |
| Maine | 97.8% | 87.1% |
| Maryland | 100.0% | 91.9% |
| Massachusetts | 97.7% | 85.9% |
| Michigan | 99.9% | 98.4% |
| Minnesota | 83.6% | 70.0% |
| Mississippi | 85.3% | 70.9% |
| Missouri | 99.7% | 99.4% |
| Montana | 95.5% | 75.0% |
| Nebraska | 91.1% | 63.9% |
| Nevada | 97.5% | 88.9% |
| New Hampshire | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| New Jersey | 98.0% | 91.8% |
| New Mexico | 99.9% | 95.6% |
| New York | 92.0% | 71.5% |
| North Carolina | 98.5% | 89.2% |
| North Dakota | 92.8% | 81.3% |
| Ohio | 92.0% | 74.1% |
| Oklahoma | 84.3% | 59.5% |
| Oregon | 94.7% | 76.2% |
| Pennsylvania | 87.9% | 62.4% |
| Rhode Island | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| South Carolina | 96.6% | 87.9% |
| South Dakota | 49.6% | 40.9% |
| Tennessee | 96.6% | 85.0% |
| Texas | 95.2% | 90.4% |
| Utah | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| Vermont | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| Virginia | 100.0% | 100.0% |
| Washington | 98.0% | 91.2% |
| West Virginia | 93.8% | 60.4% |
| Wisconsin | 88.3% | 74.6% |
| Wyoming | 96.1% | 85.7% |
| Nation | 95.4% | 85.2% |
Estimated data: Collected data for brick-and-mortar shelters in complete counties was used to develop a regional per-capita rate for intakes, number of deaths and number killed. A broad, conservative increase was then applied to minimize the probability of underestimating the national death rate. Using our national shelter list,* this rate was then applied to areas serviced by the 582 shelters with unreported data.
- If no brick-and-mortar groups are in the national shelter list, it is a non-service area and no estimation is applied.
- If none of the shelters in a county have collected data, the estimation factor was used.
- If some (but not all) shelter data is collected for a county, the collected data plus a 15% estimation factor was used.
The estimation methodology was formulated by the Best Friends business intelligence team in consultation with an outside research advisor and economist. These estimates, when combined with collected data, totaled 4.4 million intakes and 378,000 animals killed.
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* The national shelter list is an evolving list since shelters open, close, or gain or lose government contracts throughout the year. It is compiled through manual research, county by county, to find all organizations with a physical location that admit and house animals.